indian constitution

Article 35 of the Indian Constitution is a unique and conclusive provision within the chapter on Fundamental Rights. Unlike the preceding articles that grant rights to individuals, Article 35 deals with the legislative power required to make these rights effective. It serves a crucial function by vesting exclusive authority in the Parliament of India to make laws on certain specific matters related to fundamental rights, thereby ensuring uniformity in their application and enforcement across the entire country

Within the Indian Constitution’s chapter on Fundamental Rights lies Article 34, an extraordinary and as-yet-unused provision that deals with the consequences of imposing “martial law.”6 It serves as a constitutional mechanism to address extreme situations where a breakdown of civil order necessitates the use of military force to restore normalcy.

In the comprehensive charter of Fundamental Rights guaranteed by the Indian Constitution, Article 33 stands out as a unique and pragmatic provision. It addresses the critical need to balance individual liberties with the overarching imperatives of national security, public order, and discipline within the country’s most sensitive services.3 This article grants exclusive power to the Parliament of India to modify, restrict, or even abrogate the fundamental rights of a specific class of citizens to ensure they can effectively discharge their duties

In the grand tapestry of the Indian Constitution, where each thread represents a vital principle of governance and liberty, Article 32 stands out as the ultimate guarantor of justice.4 It is the provision that transforms the Fundamental Rights from a mere declaration of principles into an enforceable reality. So profound is its importance that Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the principal architect of the Constitution, described it in the Constituent Assembly with these immortal words:

Article 31 of the Indian Constitution, now a ghost in the constitutional text, was once one of the most debated, amended, and litigated fundamental rights. Its journey from a guaranteed right to its eventual repeal and rebirth as a modest legal right encapsulates the fierce ideological struggles that shaped post-independence India. The story of Article 31 is the story of the conflict between an individual’s right to own property and the State’s socialist agenda of land reform and equitable wealth distribution

Article 29 of the Indian Constitution, positioned under the heading “Cultural and Educational Rights,” serves as a vital safeguard for the rich, pluralistic fabric of Indian society.1 It guarantees the right of various communities to preserve their unique identity while also ensuring that citizens are not discriminated against when seeking access to state-funded education

Article 29 of the Indian Constitution, positioned under the heading “Cultural and Educational Rights,” serves as a vital safeguard for the rich, pluralistic fabric of Indian society.1 It guarantees the right of various communities to preserve their unique identity while also ensuring that citizens are not discriminated against when seeking access to state-funded education

Article 28 of the Indian Constitution is a meticulously crafted provision that defines the relationship between the State, religion, and education.1 It serves as a crucial instrument for maintaining the secular character of the Indian educational landscape.2 By setting clear rules about religious instruction and worship in different types of educational institutions, the article protects the freedom of conscience of students while upholding the principle that state funds should not be used to promote any particular religion.

Article 27 of the Indian Constitution is a concise yet powerful provision that serves as a key fiscal pillar of Indian secularism.1 Nestled within the Right to Freedom of Religion, it protects individuals from being forced to financially support any particular religion through the mechanism of taxation

Article 26 of the Indian Constitution stands as a crucial pillar supporting the nation’s secular framework, complementing the individual religious freedoms guaranteed under Article 25.